Oncological Outcomes of Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy in an Unselected Population Evaluated in a Single Center / Desfechos oncológicos da mastectomia poupadora do complexo areolo-mamilar em uma população não selecionada avaliada em um único centro

Abstract Objective Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has been traditionally used in selected cases with tumor-to-nipple distance > 2 cm and negative frozen section of the base of the nipple. Recommending NSM in unselected populations remains controversial. The present study evaluated the oncological outcomes of patients submitted to NSM in an unselected population seen at a single center. Methods This retrospective cohort study included unselected patients with invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who underwent NSM in 2010 to 2020. The endpoints were locoregional recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS), irrespective of tumor size or tumor-to-nipple distance. Results Seventy-six patients (mean age 46.1 years) (58 invasive carcinomas/18 DCIS) were included. The most invasive carcinomas were hormone-positive (60%) (HER2 overexpression: 24%; triple-negative: 16%), while 39% of DCIS were high-grade. Invasive carcinomas were T2 in 66% of cases, with axillary metastases in 38%. Surgical margins were all negative. All patients with invasive carcinoma received systemic treatment and 38% underwent radiotherapy. After a mean of 34.8 months, 3 patients with invasive carcinoma (5.1%) and 1 with DCIS (5.5%) had local recurrence. Two patients had distant metastasis and died during follow-up. The 5-year OS and DFS rates for invasive carcinoma were 98% and 83%, respectively. Conclusion In unselected cases, the 5-year oncological outcomes following NSM were found to be acceptable and comparable to previous reports. Further studies are required.

Resumo Objetivo A mastectomia poupadora do complexo areolo-mamilar (MPM) tem sido tradicionalmente utilizada em casos selecionados com distância tumor-mamilo > 2 cm e biópsia de congelação da base do mamilo negativa. Recomendar MPM em populações não selecionadas continua controverso. Este estudo avaliou os resultados oncológicos de pacientes submetidas à MPM em uma população não selecionada atendida em um único centro. Métodos Coorte retrospectivo incluindo pacientes não selecionadas com carcinoma invasivo ou carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) submetidas à MPM entre 2010 e 2020. Os desfechos incluíram: recorrência locorregional, sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) e sobrevida global (SG), independentemente do tamanho do tumor ou da distância tumor-mamilo. Resultados Setenta e seis pacientes (média: 46,1 anos de idade) (58 carcinomas invasivos/18 CDIS) foram incluídas. A maioria dos carcinomas invasivos era hormônio-positivo (60%) (superexpressão de HER2: 24%; triplo-negativo: 16%), enquanto 39% dos CDIS eram de alto grau histológico. Os carcinomas invasivos foram T2 em 66% dos casos, com metástases axilares em 38%. As margens cirúrgicas foram todas negativas. Todas as pacientes com carcinoma invasivo receberam tratamento sistêmico e 38% receberam radioterapia. Após um período médio de 34,8 meses, 3 pacientes com carcinoma invasivo (5,1%) e 1 com CDIS (5,5%) apresentaram recidiva local. Durante o acompanhamento, duas pacientes tiveram metástase à distância e vieram a óbito. As taxas de SG e SLD aos 5 anos para carcinoma invasivo foram de 98% e 83%, respectivamente. Conclusão Em casos não selecionados, os resultados oncológicos de 5 anos após MPM foram considerados aceitáveis e comparáveis a resultados anteriores. Estudos adicionais são necessários.

Salvage Nipple-sparing Mastectomy for Patients with Breast Cancer Recurrence: A Case Series of Brazilian Patients / Mastectomia preservadora de mamilo para pacientes com recidiva de câncer de mama: Uma série de casos de pacientes brasileiras

Abstract Objective Few studies analyzed the safety of salvage nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) for local relapse treatment. We evaluated the outcomes of patients with indications for mastectomy who chose to undergo NSM for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR). Methods Between January 2001 and December 2018, we evaluated 24 women who underwent NSM for local relapse after conservative surgery. Results Thepatientswere followedupfor amean time of132months since thefirst surgery. After the NSM, 5 (20.8%) patients were diagnosed with local recurrence and only 1 (4.2%) patient died. The patients presented 4.8% (2) of partial and 2.4% (1) of total nipple necrosis. Conclusion In this long-term follow-up since the first surgery, we observed low rates of complication and good survival, although associated with high local recurrence in patients diagnosed with IBTR undergoing NSM as salvage surgery.We demonstrated that NSMmay be considered after IBTR for patients who did not want to undergo total mastectomy.

Resumo Objetivo Há poucos estudos sobre a segurança de se realizar adenomastectomia (nipple-sparing mastectomy, NSM, em inglês) para tratamento de recidiva local. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados de pacientes com indicação para mastectomia que optaram por se submeter a NSM para o tratamento de recorrência local. Métodos Foram analisadas 24 pacientes submetidas a NSM para tratamento de recidiva local após tratamento conservador entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2018. Resultados As pacientes foramacompanhadas por um períodomédio de 132meses a partir da primeira cirurgia. Após a NSM, 5 (20,8%) pacientes foram diagnosticadas com recorrência local, e apenas 1 paciente foi a óbito. As pacientes apresentaram 4,8% de necrose parcial e 2,4% de necrose total do mamilo. Conclusão Em um longo período de acompanhamento desde a primeira cirurgia, foram observadas baixas taxas de complicação pós-operatória e boa sobrevida, porém, associadas comuma alta taxa de recorrência local em pacientes submetidas a NSM para tratamento de recidiva local após cirurgia conservadora. Neste estudo, demonstrou-se que a NSM pode ser considerada uma opção cirúrgica para pacientes que não querem se submeter a mastectomia total.

Nipple-sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Implant-based Reconstruction for Patients with Pure Ductal Carcinoma in Situ / Mastectomia preservadora demamilo com reconstrução imediata baseada em implante para pacientes com carcinoma ductal puro in situ

Abstract Objective The presence of an extensive intraductal component is associated to an increasing risk of relapse in the nipple-areola complex. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the postoperative complications and oncological safety of 67 breast cancer patients diagnosed with pure DCIS who underwent NSM with immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants between 2004 and 2018. Results Among the 127 NSM procedures performed, 2 hematomas (1.5%) and 1 partial nipple necrosis (0.7%) were observed. After a mean follow-up of 60months, the local recurrence rate was of 8.9%, the disease-free survival rate was of 90%, and 1 of the patients died. Conclusion Despite the local recurrence rate, we showed that NSM with immediate breast reconstruction using silicone implants is a feasible surgical approach, with a low rate of complications and high survival rates for patients with a diagnosis of pure DCIS when breast-conserving surgery is not an option.

Resumo Objetivo A presença de componente intraductal extenso é associada ao risco aumentado de recorrência no complexo aréolo-mamilar. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados de pacientes diagnosticados com carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS)submetidas a adenomastectomia (nipple-sparing mastectomy, NSM, em inglês) com reconstrução mamária imediata utilizando prótese de silicone. Métodos Restrospectivamente, foramanalisadas as complicações pós-operatórias e a segurança oncológica de 67 pacientes com câncer de mama diagnosticadas com CDIS puro, e submetidas a NSM com reconstrução mamária imediata utilizando prótese de silicone, entre 2004 e 2018. Resultados Entre os 127 procedimentos realizados, 2 hematomas (1,5%) e 1 necrose parcial de mamilo (0,7%) foram observados. Após um período médio de 60 meses de seguimento, a taxa de recorrência local foi de 8,9%, a sobrevida livre de doença, de 90%, e apenas 1 paciente foi a óbito. Conclusão Apesar da taxa de recorrência local, demostrou-se que NSM com reconstrução mamária imediata comprótese de silicone é umprocedimento viável, combaixa taxa de complicação e alta sobrevida para pacientes com diagnóstico de CDIS puro quando a cirurgia conservadora da mama não é uma opção.

Mastectomia masculinizadora para redesignação de gênero de transexuais masculinos / Masculinizing mastectomy for male transsexual's gender reassignment

■ RESUMO Introdução: A mastectomia masculinizadora é geralmente o primeiro, o mais importante e muitas vezes o único procedimento cirúrgico na readequação de gênero em transexuais masculinos. O objetivo é descrever e sistematizar os passos da técnica utilizada pelo autor da mastectomia com dupla incisão associado ao enxerto livre de complexo areolopapilar. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva de 26 pacientes submetidos a mastectomias masculinizadoras (total de 52 mamas), realizadas pela técnica utilizada pelo autor, entre novembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2018. Resultados: 84,6% dos pacientes sofreram a cirurgia com cicatriz final horizontal no sulco inframamário e 15,4% evoluíram com cicatriz final em "T" invertido. A taxa de complicações maiores foi de 3,8%. Houve uma reoperação (3,8%) no período de acompanhamento. O peso médio das mamas foi de 1.136 gramas, a idade média de 27 anos e 9 meses, índice de massa corporal médio de 26,6kg/m2 e 73% dos pacientes receberam terapia com hormônio masculino previamente à cirurgia. Conclusão: A mastectomia masculinizadora é um procedimento seguro, com boa reprodutibilidade e traz resultados estéticos satisfatórios.

■ ABSTRACT Introduction: Masculinizing mastectomy is generally the first, most important and often the only surgical procedure for gender reassignment in male transsexuals. The objective is to describe and systematize the steps of the technique used by the author of the double-incision mastectomy associated with a free graft from the nipple-areola complex. Methods: Retrospective review of 26 patients who underwent masculinizing mastectomies (total of 52 breasts), performed using the technique used by the author, between November 2013 and January 2018. Results: 84.6% of patients had surgery with a final horizontal scar in the inframammary fold, and 15.4% evolved with a final inverted "T" scar. The rate of major complications was 3.8%. There was one reoperation (3.8%) in the follow-up period. Mean breast weight was 1,136 grams, mean age was 27 years and nine months, mean body mass index was 26.6 kg/m2, and 73% of patients received male hormone therapy before surgery. Conclusion: Mastectomy is a safe procedure, with good reproducibility and brings satisfactory aesthetic results.

Ginecomastia: Consideraciones médicas y quirúrgicas en cirugía general / Gynecomastia: Medical and surgical considerations in general surgery

La ginecomastia, definida como el crecimiento del tejido glandular mamario en los hombres, aparece desde la etapa neonatal hasta la senil, puede ser unilateral o bilateral, y es de causa multifactorial, incluyendo aquellos pacientes asociados al uso de medicamentos, donde predomina un desbalance en la relación testosterona­estrógeno. Relativamente, la idiopática es la más frecuente. La mayoría involucionan espontáneamente, las neonatales por perdida del influjo transplacentario en las primeras semanas, y las puberales entre 12 a 24 meses. Se presenta como un aumento del tamaño mamario, asintomático o con hipersensibilidad por inflamación durante el crecimiento del tejido fibroglandular mamario, con una repercusión psicológica enorme, sobre todo en la etapa de la adolescencia. El estudio y manejo es interdisciplinario y se ofrece de acuerdo con las condiciones y la etiología. Aquellos pacientes púberes en quienes no involuciona reciben tratamientos médicos, o tratamientos quirúrgicos cuando falla la terapéutica o hay presión social, e incluso radioterapia en casos donde desarrollan ginecomastia con hipersensibilidad al tratamiento hormonal del cáncer de próstata

Gynecomastia, defined as the growth of breast glandular tissue in men, appears from the neonatal to senile stage, can be unilateral or bilateral, and is of multifactorial cause, including those patients associated with the use of medications, where an imbalance in the testosterone ­ estrogen ratio. Relatively, idiopathic is the most common. Most regress spontaneously, neonatals due to loss of transplacental influx in the first weeks, and pubertal ones between 12 to 24 months. It presents as an increase in breast size, asymptomatic or with hypersensitivity due to inflammation during the growth of the mammary fibroglandular tissue, with an enormous psychological repercussion, especially in adolescence. The study and management is interdisciplinary and offered according to conditions and etiology. Those pubertal patients in whom it does not regress receive medical treatments, or surgical treatments when therapy fails or there is social pressure, and even radiotherapy in cases where they develop gynecomastia with hypersensitivity to hormonal treatment of prostate cancer

Postoperative complications following simultaneous therapeutic and contralateral prophylactic nipple-sparing mastectomy: a retrospective study

Introduction: Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy (NSM) is increasingly indicated for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes due to better cosmetic results with nipple maintenance. Postoperative complications have not been compared among patients who have undergone simultaneous therapeutic and contralateral prophylactic NSM. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for postoperative complications in bilateral/unilateral NSMs, and therapeutic and/or prophylactic NSMs. Methods: Retrospective study of patients who underwent NSM between 2007 and 2017 at A.C. Camargo Cancer Center. Results: Among 290 patients, 367 NSMs were performed, 64 simultaneous therapeutic and contralateral prophylactic NSM. The latter were associated with more postoperative complications (OR=3.42; p=0.002), mainly skin flap necrosis (OR=3.79; p=0.004), hematoma (OR=7.1; p=0.002), wound infection (OR=3.45; p=0.012), and nipple-areola complex (NAC) loss (OR=9.63; p=0.003). Of the 367 NSMs, 213 were unilateral NSMs, which were associated with lower rates of postoperative complications (OR=0.44; p=0.003), especially skin flap necrosis (OR=0.32; p=0.001), hematoma (OR=0.29; p=0.008), wound infection (OR=0.22; p=0.0001), and reoperation (OR=0.38; p=0.008). Obesity was related to more postoperative complications (OR=2.55; p=0.01), mainly hematoma (OR=3.54; p=0.016), reoperation (OR=2.68; p=0.023), and NAC loss (OR=3.54; p=0.016). Patients' age (p=0.169), their smoking status (p=0.138), breast ptosis (0.189), previous chest radiotherapy (p 1), or previous breast surgery (p=0.338) were not related to higher chances of postoperative complications. Conclusions: Results suggest that performing therapeutic and contralateral prophylactic NSM as separated procedures may represent a good strategy for minimizing postoperative complications.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy through periareolar incision with immediate reconstruction

PURPOSE: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has become increasingly popular due to improved cosmesis without compromising oncologic safety. Radial and inframammary incisions are usually used to achieve NSM, with periareolar incisions usually being avoided because of the risk to nipple-areola complex viability. In an attempt to maximize esthetic effects, we performed NSM through periareolar incision with immediate reconstruction. We report our initial experience.METHODS: This case series consisted of all consecutive patients (n = 34) who underwent NSM through a periareolar incision in our institution between August 2017 and December 2018. All patients underwent NSM through periareolar incision followed by immediate reconstruction with an implant or deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Patient demographics, tumor and treatment characteristics, and short-term postoperative outcomes were reviewed.RESULTS: The mean patient age was 46.74 ± 6.69 years (range, 38–62 years), and the mean operation time was 96.68 ± 28.00 minutes. Indications included in situ cancer in 12 cases and invasive cancer in 22 cases. There was 1 major complication (postoperative hematoma) requiring operative reintervention. No other complications including fistula, implant exposure, or reconstruction failure was observed. At the time of writing, no case of local recurrence has been observed.CONCLUSION: Our initial report shows that NSM with immediate reconstruction may successfully be performed through periareolar incision. This method maximizes esthetic effects and may be an appropriate surgical option for NSM.

AESTHETIC OUTCOME AND ONCOLOGICAL SAFETY OF NIPPLE-SPARING MASTECTOMY / Resultado estético e segurança oncológica da mastectomia poupadora do mamilo

Background: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has been performed for breast cancer treatment and for women at high risk. NSM provides better aesthetic outcomes; however, its oncological safety is still controversial. Objective: To evaluate the surgical complications, oncological safety and aesthetic satisfaction of breast cancer patients undergoing NSM with immediate breast reconstruction operated by the same medical team in a Breast Cancer Center in Brazil. Method: From 2004 to 2011, an aesthetic satisfaction questionnaire was administered to women undergoing NSM followed by immediate breast reconstruction 30 or 60 days after surgery. Aesthetic satisfaction, complication rates and oncological safety were analyzed. Results: Thirty-six breast cancer patients who underwent NSMs followed by immediate reconstruction answered the questionnaire. Most of them considered their results good (51%) or great (43%) and all patients will recommend NSM as a therapeutic treatment for other women with breast cancer. Only one patient presented infection and loss of the mammary implant, and recurrence rates were satisfactory (5.5%). Conclusion: Our findings showed low complication rate, oncological safety and good aesthetic outcome related to NSM with immediate reconstruction in patients from a Breast Cancer Center in Brazil. Despite the limitations of our study, we support the use of NSM with immediate reconstruction for a better aesthetic outcome with oncological safety.

Introdução: A Mastectomia Poupadora do Mamilo (MPM)tem sido realizada em tratamentos de câncer de mama e em mulheres em situação de risco. A cirurgia traz melhores resultados estéticos; todavia, a sua segurança oncológica ainda é controversa. Objetivo: Avaliar as complicações cirúrgicas, a segurança oncológica e a satisfação estética de pacientes com câncer de mama submetendose à MPM com reconstrução imediata da mama operadas pela mesma equipe médica em um centro de câncer de mama no Brasil. Método: De 2004 a 2011, um questionário de satisfação estética foi administrado a mulheres submetidas à MPM seguida de reconstrução imediata de mama 30 ou 60 dias após a cirurgia. Foram analisadas a satisfação estética, as taxas de complicações e a segurança oncológica. Resultados: Trinta e seis pacientes com câncer que se submeteram a MPMs seguidas de reconstrução imediata responderam ao questionário. A sua maioria considerou os resultados bons (51%) ou ótimos (43%) e todos os pacientes a recomendarão como tratamento terapêutico a outras mulheres com câncer de mama. Apenas uma paciente apresentou infecção e perda do implante mamário, e as taxas de recorrência foram satisfatórias (5,5%). Conclusão: Nossas descobertas mostraram baixa taxa de complicação, segurança oncológica e bom resultado estético relacionado à MPM com reconstrução imediata em pacientes de um centro de câncer de mama no Brasil. Apesar das limitações do nosso estudo, nós apoiamos o uso da MPM com reconstrução imediata para um melhor resultado estético com segurança oncológica.

Oncologic Outcomes of Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Breast Reconstruction in Patients with Tumor–Nipple Distance Less than 2.0 cm / 한국유방암학회지

Skin-sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Nipple Graft for Large, Ptotic Breast / 한국유방암학회지

NIPPLE SPARING MASTECTOMY: A LITERATURE REVIEW / Mastectomia poupadora do complexo areolo-papilar: uma revisão da literatura

Introduction: The treatment of carcinoma in the early stages of breast cancer has achieved significant evolution in recent years. These developments culminated in the replacement of conventional mastectomy by more conservative techniques, such as nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM). This technique has been gaining space due to the fact that, in skin sparing mastectomy, the removal of the areola-papillary complex substantially compromises aesthetic results; despite recent and varied techniques of reconstructing of this complex, the dissatisfaction observed is of about 36% of the patients undergoing this procedure. Objective: Reviewing the literature about nipple sparing mastectomy of the areola-papillary complex, its oncological safety, selection criteria, surgical techniques and complications. Discussion: Oncologic safety is acceptable as long as matters such as selection criteria, low rate of complications and varied and feasible surgical techniques are in compliance. Conclusion: We found a current trend, in various institutions, to the standardization of the nipple sparing mastectomy for the treatment of early breast cancer cases. In order to achieve great results with this technique we need a multidisciplinary action between the breast surgeon, the clinical oncologist and the radiation therapy specialist. This technique shows excellent oncologic safety and low rates of complications when careful patient selection is associated with a surgeon's expertise. However, larger and longer follow-up series of patients undergoing NSM are still required

Introdução: O tratamento do carcinoma nos estágios iniciais do câncer de mama tem alcançado evolução significativa nos últimos anos. Essa evolução culminou com a substituição da mastectomia convencional por técnicas mais conservadoras, como a mastectomia poupadora do complexo aréolo-papilar (MPCAP). Essa técnica vem ganhando espaço em virtude da constatação de que, na mastectomia poupadora de pele, a retirada do complexo aréolo-papilar (CAP) prejudica substancialmente os resultados estéticos e de que, apesar das recentes e variadas técnicas de reconstrução do complexo, o grau de insatisfação obtido é de cerca de 36% das pacientes submetidas a esse procedimento. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura a respeito da mastectomia poupadora do complexo aréolo-papilar, sua segurança oncológica, critérios de seleção, técnicas cirúrgicas e complicações. Discussão: Observou­se segurança oncológica aceitável desde que sejam respeitados os critérios de seleção, o baixo índice de complicações e as técnicas cirúrgicas variadas e factíveis. Conclusão: encontramos uma tendência atual, em várias instituições, de padronização da mastectomia poupadora do complexo aréolo-papilar para o tratamento dos casos iniciais do câncer de mama. Para que se alcance um resultado ótimo com essa técnica, é necessária uma ação multidisciplinar entre o cirurgião da mama, o oncologista clínico e o radioterapeuta. Essa técnica apresenta excelente segurança oncológica e baixas taxas de complicações quando uma criteriosa seleção dos pacientes, juntamente com a expertise do cirurgião, está associada. Entretanto, séries maiores e seguimento mais longo dos pacientes submetidos à MPCAP ainda se fazem necessários

Reconstrução mamária após mastectomia contralateral profilática / Breast reconstruction after prophylactic contralateral mastectomy

Introdução: A indicação da mastectomia contralateral profilática (MCP) tem aumentado nos últimos anos nas pacientes fora do grupo de alto risco, apesar de seu benefício oncológico controverso em relação à sobrevida. A possibilidade da reconstrução mamária é um dos fatores mais importantes desse aumento. O objetivo é avaliar pacientes submetidas à MCP quanto às indicações e complicações após a reconstrução imediata. Método: Avaliação das pacientes submetidas à reconstrução mamária imediata após mastectomia terapêutica e MCP quanto às indicações e complicações. Resultados: Das 13 pacientes do estudo, apenas 4 apresentavam indicação de MCP por alto risco (forte história familiar). As outras indicações foram busca pela simetria, controle da ansiedade em relação à nova neoplasia e risco acumulado pela idade. Ocorreram apenas complicações menores, sem necessidade de reoperação em 4 das 13 pacientes (30,76%) e num total de 26 mamas reconstruídas foram registradas 8 complicações (30,76%). Conclusão: A realização da MCP tem aumentado, sendo que as indicações transcendem o ponto de vista oncológico, com impacto direto na atuação do cirurgião plástico quanto aos aspectos que envolvem a reconstrução, tanto no planejamento quanto suas complicações.

Introduction: Prophylactic contralateral mastectomy (PCM) has been increasingly indicated in recent years for patients outside of the high-risk group, although its cancer benefit in terms of survival remains controversial. The possibility of breast reconstruction is one of the most important factors for this indication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the indications and complications after immediate breast reconstruction in patients who underwent PCM. Method: Indications and complications were evaluated in patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction after therapeutic mastectomy and PCM. Results: Of the 13 patients in the study, only 4 had a high-risk indication for PCM (strong family history). The other indications were desire for symmetry, control of anxiety related to neoplasm recurrence, and age-related risk. Only minor complications occurred, without a need for reoperation, in 4 of the 13 patients (30.76%). Eight complications (30.76%) in 26 reconstructed breasts were recorded. Conclusion: The number of PCM procedures has been increasing and the indications transcend the oncological point of view, directly influencing the performance of plastic surgeons with respect to the planning and complications of breast reconstruction.

When to indicate radiotherapy after nipple-sparing mastectomy? Systematic review / Quando indicar radioterapia após mastectomia nipple-sparing? Revisão sistemática

Introduction: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) and preservation of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) represent a therapeutic option of breast cancer with a better aesthetic result, a positive impact on body image and more satisfaction than the reconstruction of the NAC. It is questioned the indication of radiotherapy when the NAC is maintained and its potential aesthetic impairment. Objective: To examine the indication of radiotherapy in NSM and, secondarily, the incidence of NAC involvement and local recurrence rates. Methods: Systematic review carried out in the PubMed database with the terms ("breast neoplasm" [Mesh] OR "breast cancer") AND ("radiotherapy" OR "radiation therapy") AND ("nipple sparing mastectomy" OR "mastectomies" OR "subcutaneous mastectomies"). The selection of the studies, the evaluation of its quality and data extraction were carried out independently by four reviewers. Results: The indications for radiotherapy after NSM were: positive axilla, tumors over 5 cm and retroareolar tissue remaining greater than 5 mm. The NAC involvement occurred in 5 to 26.1% in the definitive anatomopathological study. NAC recurrence occurred from 2.59 to 10%. NAC necrosis occurred in 2.2 to 43.4%. Conclusions: The radiotherapy indications for NSM seem to follow the same classical indications for radiotherapy after mastectomy. The relapse index in NAC was not shown to be larger and without difference for the type of radiotherapy used. Radiotherapy should be based on factors that suggest a high risk for NAC involvement

Introdução: A mastectomia nipple-sparing (MNS) e a conservação do complexo aréolo-papilar (CAP) representam uma manobra terapêutica do câncer de mama com melhor resultado estético, impacto positivo na imagem corporal e mais satisfação do que a reconstrução do CAP. Questiona-se a indicação de radioterapia quando da manutenção do CAP e seu potencial prejuízo estético. Objetivo: Examinar a indicação de radioterapia em MNS e, secundariamente, a incidência do envolvimento do CAP e as taxas de recorrência local. Métodos: Revisão sistemática realizada na base de dados do PubMed com os termos ("breast neoplasm" [Mesh] OR "breast cancer") AND ("radiotherapy" OR "radiation therapy") AND ("nipple sparing mastectomy" OR "mastectomies" OR "subcutaneous mastectomies"). A seleção dos estudos, a avaliação da qualidade do estudo e a extração de dados foram realizadas de forma independente por quatro revisores. Resultados: As indicações para radioterapia após MNS foram: axila positiva, tumores acima de 5 cm e tecido retroareolar remanescente maior que 5 mm. O envolvimento do CAP ocorreu em 5 a 26,1% no anatomopatológico definitivo. A recorrência no CAP ocorreu de 2,59 a 10%. A necrose do CAP ocorreu em 2,2 a 43,4%. Conclusão: As indicações de radioterapia para MNS parecem seguir as mesmas indicações clássicas para radioterapia após mastectomia. O índice de recidiva no CAP não mostrou ser maior com uso de radioterapia nem ter diferença quanto ao seu tipo. A decisão de realizar a radioterapia deve se basear em fatores que sugerem alto risco para envolvimento do CAP

Mastectomia redutora de pele com retalho dermogorduroso de pedículo inferior na reconstrução imediata de mamas com médias e grandes hipertrofias / Skin-reducing mastectomy using inferior pedicle dermal fat flaps in immediate reconstruction of medium and large hypertrophic breasts

Introdução: O câncer de mama é o tipo mais comum entre as mulheres (excetuando-se os de pele não melanoma) e nos últimos anos seu tratamento evoluiu muito com as mastectomias preservadoras de pele. As mamas com ptose grau II e III são de difícil abordagem e necessitam da redução estética do envelope cutâneo após o procedimento de adenomastectomia. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de janeiro de 2013 a janeiro de 2016 em que foram incluídas todas as pacientes submetidas à adenomastectomia e reconstruídas imediatamente através de redução do envelope cutâneo com a técnica de marcação de Pitanguy associada ao emprego de prótese ou expansor no plano submuscular superiormente e abaixo do retalho dermicogorduroso inferiormente. Resultados: Um total de 15 pacientes foram operadas pela técnica proposta, contabilizando um total de 25 mamas (10 casos foram bilaterais). Doze pacientes apresentavam câncer, duas realizaram cirurgia profilática e uma apresentava fibroadenoma gigante juvenil. Em dois casos foi utilizado expansor e em 23 mamas foi colocada a prótese definitiva em um único tempo cirúrgico. Em três mamas o complexo aerolopapilar (CAP) foi ressecado por motivos oncológicos; dos 22 preservados, em 15 foi realizado enxerto e em 7 ascensão através de retalho de pedículo superior. Houve 5 casos de complicação (20%), sendo 3 seromas (12%), 1 necrose na junção do 'T' (4%), e 1 necrose total do CAP (4%). Conclusão: A técnica descrita fornece um método eficaz e reproduzível de reconstrução mamária imediata com prótese em um tempo único em pacientes com mamas volumosas. Contudo, deve-se selecionar bem os pacientes, pois não se pode negligenciar os riscos de complicações.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of neoplasm among women (except for non-melanoma skin cancers), and in the past few years, its treatment greatly evolved with skin-sparing mastectomies. Breasts with grades II and III ptosis are difficult to approach and require an aesthetic reduction of the cutaneous envelope after adenomastectomy. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from January 2013 to January 2016. This included all patients undergoing adenomastectomy and immediate reconstruction via reduction of the cutaneous envelope using Pitanguy's marking technique associated with the use of a prosthesis or expander above the submuscular plane and below the dermal fat flap. Results: A total of 15 patients were operated on based on the proposed technique, accounting for a total of 25 breasts (10 cases were bilateral). Twelve patients had cancer; two underwent prophylactic surgery; and one developed juvenile giant fibroadenoma. In two cases, an expander was used, and in 23 breasts, a definitive prosthesis was placed in a single surgical period. In three breasts, the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) was resected for oncological reasons; of the 22 preserved, 15 underwent grafting, and seven underwent elevation through the superior pedicle flap. There were five complications (20%): three seromas (12%), one necrosis at the "T" junction (4%), and one total NAC necrosis (4%). Conclusion: The technique described is an effective and reproducible method of immediate breast reconstruction using implants in a single period in patients with large breasts. However, the right patients should be selected because the risks of complications cannot be neglected.

Experience with Bilateral Risk-Reducing Mastectomy for an Unaffected BRCA Mutation Carrier / 한국유방암학회지

Women with BRCA1/2 mutations have a high risk of breast cancer and may opt for risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM). We report a 38-year-old Japanese woman who was diagnosed as a BRCA2 mutation carrier. She underwent prophylactic bilateral skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with excision of the nipple and preservation of the areola skin. It is unclear whether a bilateral RRM leads to better survival compared with intensive surveillance. The oncological risk associated with the presence of remnant breast glandular tissue after SSM or nipple-sparing mastectomy has been obscure. We report the first case of RRM for a Japanese BRCA mutation carrier and provide a literature review on risk management for BRCA mutation carriers with a focus on the concepts and procedures of RRM.

"Mini-Flow-Through" Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap for Breast Reconstruction with Preservation of Both Internal Mammary and Deep Inferior Epigastric Vessels

This procedure was developed for preservation of the rectus muscle components and deep inferior epigastric vessel after deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap harvesting. A 53-year-old woman with granuloma caused by silicone injection underwent bilateral nipple-sparing mastectomies and immediate reconstruction with "mini-flow-through" DIEP flaps. The flaps were dissected based on the single largest perforator with a short segment of the lateral branch of the deep inferior epigastric vessel that was transected as a free flap for breast reconstruction. The short segments of the donor deep inferior epigastric vessel branch are primarily end-to-end anastomosed to each other. A short T-shaped pedicle mini-flow-through DIEP flap is interposed in the incised recipient's internal mammary vessels with two arterial and four concomitant venous anastomoses. Although it requires multiple vascular anastomoses and a short pedicle for the flap setting, the mini-flow-through DIEP flap provides a large pedicle caliber, enabling safer microsurgical anastomosis and well-vascularized tissue for creating a natural breast without consuming time or compromising the rectus muscle components and vascular flow of both the deep inferior epigastric and internal mammary vessels.

Idiopathic gynaecomastia in twins: a case report.

Gynaecomastia is a common pathological condition of breast seen in men. This is defined as benign enlargement of breast tissue in males. It was first described by Palus Aegineta (AD 635-690). Herewith we are presenting cases of 14 year old twins attending the surgical O.P.D with bilateral enlarged breasts and pain. A diagnosis of pubertal gynaecomastia was made with no evidence of malignancy by histopathological examinations and mammography. One boy with 5 x 6 cm of right breast and 2 x3 cm of left breast was treated by subcutaneous mastectomy. Other boy had only enlargement of nipple and areola. He was reassured and sent home without surgical intervention. A rare case of idiopathic gynaecomastia in pubertal twins is described here.

Immediate implanting breast reconstruction with combined muscle flap of pedicled latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major muscle / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To explore immediate implanting breast reconstruction after subcutaneous mastectomy by through breast lateral curved incision with combined muscle flap of pedicled latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major muscle covering the breast prosthesis. Methods 30 patients were selected in clinical stage Ⅰ or Ⅱ , and without involvement of skin and pectoral muscle. After subcutaneous mastectomy through breast lateral curved incision, by the same incision the latissimus dorsi muscle flap was removed and transferred, and the submuscular interspace was dissected, and the inferior border of the pectoralis major muscle was cut off. The pedicled latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major muscle flap were sutured and the combined muscle flap was formed to cover the breast prothesis.Results The shape and feeling were satisfactory in 30 reconstructive breasts, and 22 cases were excellent (73.3 %), and 8 cases were good (26.7 %). All the patients survived without tumor recurrence after following-up more than half a year. Conclusions The method has advantages of good cosmetic breast shape, without appendant incision, and larger breast prosthesis could be insertted. It is a good method of immediate breast reconstruction for the young women with early stage breast cancer without axillary lymph node metastasis.

Immediate Breast Reconstruction Placing the Breast Implant under the Pectoralis Major-Serratus Anterior Pocket without Tissue Expansion

PURPOSE: Although the autogenous tissue transfer has been the mainstay of the breast reconstruction, concern for the donor site morbidity can lead to the superseded method using tissue expander with implant or permanent expander-implant. However, the additional procedure of tissue expansion possibly cause discomfort and raise the cost. We tried to verify the efficacy of using the saline-filled breast implant by itself for the safe and convenient immediate breast reconstruction modality if the patients have small, round and non-ptotic breasts and the sufficient breast skin can be saved with mastectomy. METHODS: From July 2002 to July 2005, 29 breasts of 26 patients were restored only with the saline-filled breast implant immediately after the skin sparing or nipple-areolar skin sparing mastectomy in Asan Medical Center. A pocket with pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscle was created and the implant was covered with this muscle pocket. Simultaneous contralateral augmentation was performed in patients whose mastectomy specimen weighed less than 100g. RESULTS: Using only the saline-filled breast implant resulted in the successful reconstruction with few complications including partial necrosis of nipple areolar skin (five cases, 17.2%), capsular contracture (three cases, 10.3%), hematoma (one case, 3.4%), depigmentation of areolar skin (one case, 3.4%), hypertrophic scar (one case, 3.4%), which were all healed by conservative management. There were no significant complications such as implant exposure and subsequent removal. CONCLUSION: Immediate breast reconstruction only with the saline-filled breast implant can be a satisfactory alternative option for the patients whose breast is small, round and non-ptotic, especially when the nipple-areolar skin of the breast is preserved in the mastectomy.

The Modified Surgical Treatment of Gynecomastia: Pan-cake Method

PURPOSE: Subcutaneous mastectomy has been accepted as a standard for the treatment of gynecomastia. Surgical managements including ultrasound-assisted liposuction(UAL) have had limited success and several combined approaches were tried to find the most effective method. We designed a modified subcutaneous mastectomy, which we call "pan-cake method". The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of our method for the treatment of gynecomastia. METHODS: 16 patients from 16 to 31 years of age having gynecomastia were operated using the pan-cake method. 11 patients were in grade I, and 5 patients were in grade II, no patient were in grade III or IV, according to Rod's classification. The pan-cake method started with modified periareolar incision. We executed subcutaneous dissection first and suprafascial dissection next. After dividing the breast into four equal quadrants, we removed breast tissue from each quadrant as necessary. The operation time for the resection was recorded and the weight of removed parenchyme tissues was measured. RESULTS: All the operations were successful. There were no asymmetries, contour deformities, or irregularities. Only 6 cases needed the combined therapy with ultrasound-assisted liposuction(UAL) because of the step deformities. The average operation time was 24.1 minutes and the average weight of removed breast tissue was 98.1g. All the patients were satisfied with the aesthetic results. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the pan-cake method is an alternative option for the surgical treatment of gynecomastia, giving good aesthetic results and relatively short operation time.